Technical Notes

Scientists at the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University have presented a family of near-infrared nonfullerene acceptors (NIR NFA, T1-T4) with fluorinated regioisomeric A–Aπ–D–Aπ–A backbones for constructing efficient single-junction and tandem PSCs with photon response up to 1000 nm. The study “Near-Infrared Electron Acceptors with Fluorinated Regioisomeric Backbone for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells.”, led by Zhejiang University professors Chang-Zhi ...

Traceability Chain NIST detector calibration uncertainty curve Uncertainty in wavelength range is much higher than VIS range due to the UV light intensity is much smaller than VIS range. NIST Special Publication 250-41 (2008) USER Uncertainty curve *ISO GUM Uncertainty evaluation method User Uncertainty Budget Index Type Component of Uncertainty 1 ...

IEC 60904-8 describes the requirements for the spectral responsivity of both linear and non-linear photovoltaic devices. The spectral responsivity of PV devices is used in cell development and cell analysis, as it provides a measure of recombination and other processes occurring inside the semiconductor or cell material system. This chapter follows on from IEC 60904-8 (I), and describes four sections: measurement of spectral responsivity using a constant light source, measurement of spectr...

The Spectral Responsivity (SR) is a significant indicator for evaluating photoelectric detectors, such as solar cells, photometers, optical detectors, etc. Each photoelectric detector has different spectral responsivity in different wavelength range. IEC 60904-8 describes the requirements for the spectral responsivity of both linear and non-linear photovoltaic devices. The spectral responsivity of PV devices is used in cell development and cell analysis, as it provides a measure of recombi...

Evaluating standard uncertainty Modelling the measurement 1.1 In most cases, a measured is not measured Y directly, but is determined from N other quantities through a functional relationship ƒ : NOTE 1 For economy of notation, in thisGuidethe same symbol is used for the physical quantity (the measured) and for the random variable (see 2.1) that represents the possible outcome of an observation of that quantity. When it is stated that Xi has a particular proba...

Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty 2.1 In most cases, the best available estimate of the expectation or expected value μq of a quantity q that varies randomly [a random variable (A.1)], and for which n independent observations qk have been obtained under the same conditions of measurement (see A.2), is the arithmetic mean or average /q (A.3) of the n observations: Thus,for an input quantity Xi estimated from n independent repeated observations Xik the arithmetic mean ...

Type B evaluation of standard uncertainty 3.1 For an estimate xi of an input quantity xi that has not been obtained from repeated observations, the associated estimated variance u2(xi) or the standard uncertainty u(xi) is evaluated by scientific judgement based on all of the available information on the possible variability of xi. The pool of information may include previous measurement data; experience with or general knowledge of the behaviour and properties of relevant materials and instru...

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What are the authoritative laboratories for solar energy in the world? The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the primary American laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development (R&D). ,NREL established the Solar Energy Research Institute since 1977, which publishes the best research-cell efficiency records obtained worldwide twice a year. NREL plays an important role in the world's PV measurement field. Best Research-Cell Efficiencies (Sourc...

What are the electrical standards around the world? With the rapid development of the electronic industry, the number of electronic products has significantly progressed. The standardization of product quality benefits the international trade of products. For this reason, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a global organization for standardization consisting all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The objective of the IEC is to promote intern...

What is Repeatability? Repeatability is one of the most critical factors of the measurement capability of an equipment. In general, the sample will be tested several times, and the result will be calculated from those data thus generate a repeatability, which is shown in percentage. Repeatability shows the stability of the equipment, ensuring every test result is precise without being affected by the environmental noise. Enlitech’s QE/IPCE measurement system has outstanding performances b...